Who can resist the sight of mommy duck parading her ducklings across the water? It is especially cute when the chicks hitch a ride on mommy’s back, as merganser chicks do.
However, this is not the only neat behaviour that these merganser chicks exhibit. In addition to hitching a ride, chicks both draft and plane.
Merganser chicks ride on mommy’s back as a way to keep pace with her swimming.
While some of the chicks are hitching a ride on mommy, many of them are following behind in the water. Keeping pace with mommy in free swimming is a problem for, due to their lesser length, the chicks have a lower hull speed. The solution is to draft mommy. By travelling in a group behind her, water resistance is lowered and they can keep up.
There is another way the chicks can keep up with mommy: They can plane. This is another method of getting around the problem of the speed limit imposed by their hull speed.
At a speed somewhat below the swimmer’s hull speed, the swimmer is in displacement mode, where support is (primarily) a result of buoyancy. When planing, support is (primarily) provided by the rush of the water against the tipped-up hull. However, to attain this new state requires considerable energy (as any pleasure boater will confirm).
It is true that owing to a lower threshold speed, planing is easier the smaller you are (chicks are better at it than adults), but it is also the case that a particular hull configuration is needed. In displacement mode, a rounded stern (for a boat) or butt (for a bird) is desirable: In planing mode a sharp underwater transition between the hull and transom is necessary. A bird normally has a rounded butt, so how does it make the sharp underwater transition it needs to be able to plane? Answer: It forces its tail feathers down into the water.
This picture shows two merganser chicks in planing mode (left) and one in displacement mode (right). The chick on the right has its tail feathers lying along (slightly above) the water surface. The two chicks on the left have forced their tail feathers as deeply as they can into the lake. Also the wakes look different whether the swimmer is in displacement or planing mode.
This image shows all three behaviours. There are chicks that solve the problem of the speed mismatch by riding on mommy’s back. There are also chicks that are keeping pace by drafting mommy. Finally, three chicks (upper left, centre, lower centre) are planing.
Creek mouth will move
It has happened before, and it will happen again: The mouth of Kokanee Creek will (abruptly) shift to the east.
The portion of the delta immediately to the west of the creek mouth is strewn with gullies and ponds. These are the older channels of the creek. Two years ago (February 2015) I wrote about this and showed pictures of this terrain under the title, wandering creek. I also showed pictures of the bank slump along the berm where, I believe, the creek will, in a few years, break through and flow into the grasslands to the east.
Since that time, this berm of soil and brush between the creek and the grasslands has become thinner and thinner as the creek has continued to erode it.
Such erosion is a natural process when a creek or river flows through gentle terrain: Material on the outside of a bend is transferred to the inside causing the channel to shift. When flowing down a steep mountain valley, the stream is constrained. But, on a delta, the creek bed wanders. Of course, around Kootenay Lake, there are settlements on most creek deltas, with the result that humans use concrete or riprap to prevent such wandering.
To a good extent, the stewardship of Kokanee Creek Park has been left to the devices of nature. One result is that near its mouth, the creek occasionally shifts course. When the next big course change takes place, I suspect it will happen fairly quickly. It will be fun to be able to watch geology in action as the creek breaks through into the grasslands on the east side (left) of the picture and leaves behind more ponds on the west side (right).
This is a view of the mouth of Kokanee Creek as it flows into Kootenay Lake. The region of interest is the outside of the bend that appears in the centre of the picture. It is here that the berm of dirt and brush protecting the grasslands is eroding rapidly and will soon break.
